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Energy efficiency is a fundamental aspect for wireless body area networks (WBANs) due to the limited battery capacity and miniaturisation of sensor nodes. Prolonging the lifespan of a WBAN depends mostly on maximising the energy e...
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Energy efficiency is a fundamental aspect for wireless body area networks (WBANs) due to the limited battery capacity and miniaturisation of sensor nodes. Prolonging the lifespan of a WBAN depends mostly on maximising the energy efficiency. WBAN systems operate under conflicting requirements of energy and spectrum efficiency. In this study, the two metrics of energy and spectrum efficiency for direct communication links for in-body and on-body sensor nodes are analysed. A general device-to-device communication model was adapted to WBAN. Optimal transmission power values to achieve maximum energy efficiency for in-body and on-body communication links are found. With reference to a maximum power level of 1.5 W compliant with the Federal Communications Commission for WBAN, it is also deduced that for on-body communication, decreasing maximum possible spectrum efficiency by 33\% for medical devices operating in 400–450 and 950–956 MHz would improve energy efficiency by 75 times. Moreover, by decreasing spectrum efficiency by 38.3 and 48\% leads to an increase in energy efficiency by 45.3 and 39.3 times in 2.4–2.5 and 3.1–10.6 GHz frequency bands, respectively. This trade-off is significant for medical applications having strict energy requirements.
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In a hospital health care monitoring system it is necessary to constantly monitor the patient's physiological parameters. For example a pregnant woman parameters such as blood pressure (BP) and heart rate of the woman and heart ra...
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In a hospital health care monitoring system it is necessary to constantly monitor the patient's physiological parameters. For example a pregnant woman parameters such as blood pressure (BP) and heart rate of the woman and heart rate and movements of fetal to control their health condition. This paper presents a monitoring system that has the capability to monitor physiological parameters from multiple patient bodies. In the proposed system, a coordinator node has attached on patient body to collect all the signals from the wireless sensors and sends them to the base station. The attached sensors on patient's body form a wireless body sensor network (WBSN) and they are able to sense the heart rate, blood pressure and so on. This system can detect the abnormal conditions, issue an alarm to the patient and send a SMS/E-mail to the physician. Also, the proposed system consists of several wireless relay nodes which are responsible for relaying the data sent by the coordinator node and forward them to the base station. The main advantage of this system in comparison to previous systems is to reduce the energy consumption to prolong the network lifetime, speed up and extend the communication coverage to increase the freedom for enhance patient quality of life. We have developed this system in multi-patient architecture for hospital healthcare and compared it with the other existing networks based on multi-hop relay node in terms of coverage, energy consumption and speed.
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Recent advances in the field of wireless sensor networks have moved them beyond their traditional areas of application in monitoring of remote and mobile environments. Sensor networks are increasingly being deployed within and aro...
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Recent advances in the field of wireless sensor networks have moved them beyond their traditional areas of application in monitoring of remote and mobile environments. Sensor networks are increasingly being deployed within and around the human body to form body area networks (BodyNets). In addition to monitoring focused applications BodyNets allow also for closed loop systems incorporating actuators. They can be utilized in diverse applications such as physiological monitoring, human computer interactions, education and entertainment through interactive games. This special issue is intended to provide a forum for presenting, exchanging and discussing recent advances in different aspects of BodyNets.
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This work describes the implementation of a complete wireless body-area network (WBAN) system to deploy in medical environments. Issues related to hardware implementations, software and wireless protocol designs are addressed. In ...
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This work describes the implementation of a complete wireless body-area network (WBAN) system to deploy in medical environments. Issues related to hardware implementations, software and wireless protocol designs are addressed. In addition to reviewing and discussing the current attempts in wireless body area network technology, a WBAN system that has been designed for healthcare applications will be presented in detail herein. The wireless system in the WBAN uses medical bands to obtain physiological data from sensor nodes. The medical bands are selected to reduce the interference and thus increase the coexistence of sensor node devices with other network devices available at medical centers. The collected data is transferred to remote stations with a multi-hopping technique using the medical gateway wireless boards. The gateway nodes connect the sensor nodes to the local area network or the Internet. As such facilities are already available in medical centers; medical professions can access patients' physiological signals anywhere in the medical center. The data can also be accessed outside the medical center as they will be made available online.
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Objective: In this article, we describe the important aspects like major characteristics, research issues, and challenges with body area sensor networks in telemedicine systems for patient monitoring in different scenarios. Presen...
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Objective: In this article, we describe the important aspects like major characteristics, research issues, and challenges with body area sensor networks in telemedicine systems for patient monitoring in different scenarios. Present and emerging developments in communications integrated with the developments in microelectronics and embedded system technologies will have a dramatic impact on future patient monitoring and health information delivery systems. The important challenges are bandwidth limitations, power consumption, and skin or tissue protection. Materials and Methods: This article presents a detailed survey on wireless body area networks (WBANs). Results and Conclusions: We have designed the framework for integrating body area networks on telemedicine systems. Recent trends, overall WBAN-telemedicine framework, and future research scope have also been addressed in this article.
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Body area sensors can enable novel applications in and beyond healthcare, but research must address obstacles such as size, cost, compatibility, and perceived value before networks that use such sensors can become widespread.
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Wireless body area network is a collection of wearable wireless sensors placed around or in a human body that are used to monitor important information from a human body. A receiver (i.e. control unit) is required to connect these...
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Wireless body area network is a collection of wearable wireless sensors placed around or in a human body that are used to monitor important information from a human body. A receiver (i.e. control unit) is required to connect these sensors to remote locations (i.e. hospital database and call centres). In this work an ultra-wideband (UWB) body sensor node has been designed and tested to analyze the realistic performance of a UWB-based wireless body area network. The results indicate that the locations of sensors and the control unit on a human body play an important role on the performance of the wireless body area network system. The work herein also investigates optimal receiver positions for different sensor configurations. The results are evaluated in both static and dynamic channel conditions based on data transmission from the UWB sensor node developed for wireless body area network applications. Four common sensor positions, namely the chest, head, wrist and waist and three receiver positions-chest, waist and arm are considered. The experiment is conducted in an Anechoic chamber to minimize the effects of the environment. In the static experiment, the subject under test remains motionless for the entire test duration. Under static channel conditions, it was seen that the transmission power can be reduced by 26 dB, when the receiver is positioned at the optimum point on the body. The evaluation of the dynamic channel condition is also performed by allowing the test subject to move the body as in a walking motion. Due to the body movements, the transmission power should be increased by 7 dB to maintain the same bit error rate as that of the static experiment.
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Key management is the pillar of a security architecture. Body sensor networks (BSNs) pose several challenges-some inherited from wireless sensor networks (WSNs), some unique to themselves-that require a new key management scheme t...
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Key management is the pillar of a security architecture. Body sensor networks (BSNs) pose several challenges-some inherited from wireless sensor networks (WSNs), some unique to themselves-that require a new key management scheme to be tailor-made. The challenge is taken on, and the result is KALwEN, a new parameterized key management scheme that combines the best-suited cryptographic techniques in a seamless framework. KALwEN is user-friendly in the sense that it requires no expert knowledge of a user, and instead only requires a user to follow a simple set of instructions when bootstrapping or extending a network. One of KALwEN's key features is that it allows sensor devices from different manufacturers, which expectedly do not have any pre-shared secret, to establish secure communications with each other. KALwEN is decentralized, such that it does not rely on the availability of a local processing unit (LPU). KALwEN supports secure global broadcast, local broadcast, and local (neighbor-to-neighbor) unicast, while preserving past key secrecy and future key secrecy (FKS). The fact that the cryptographic protocols of KALwEN have been formally verified also makes a convincing case. With both formal verification and experimental evaluation, our results should appeal to theorists and practitioners alike.
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The design and implementation of a framework that facilitates the development of Mobile Health applications to manage the communications with biomedical sensors in compliance with the CEN ISO/IEEE 11073 standard family are present...
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The design and implementation of a framework that facilitates the development of Mobile Health applications to manage the communications with biomedical sensors in compliance with the CEN ISO/IEEE 11073 standard family are presented. The framework includes a set of functional modules that are responsible, among other tasks, of the communication of sensors and the processing and storage of data. The mobile terminal acts as an intermediary or hub, collecting and presenting the data received in a standardised way, regardless of the sensor type used. In this context, as proof of concept it is presented a mobile app built on the top of the framework to manage the communications with a smart fall detector.
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Many medical applications set new demands on sensor network designs. They often involve highly variable data rates, multiple receivers and security. Most existing sensor network designs do not adequately support these requirements...
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Many medical applications set new demands on sensor network designs. They often involve highly variable data rates, multiple receivers and security. Most existing sensor network designs do not adequately support these requirements, focusing instead on aggregating small amounts of data from nodes without security. In this paper, we present a software design for medical sensor networks. This framework provides a set of protocols and services specifically tailored for this application domain. It includes a secure communications model, an interface for periodic collection of sensor data, a dynamic sensor discovery protocol and protocols that monitor and save up to 70% of the energy of a node. The framework is built in TinyOS and a JAVA based user interface is provided to debug the framework and display the measured data. An extensive evaluation of the framework of a 6-node sensor test-bed is presented, measuring scalability and robustness as the number of sensors and the per node data rate are varied. The results show that the proposed framework is a scalable, robust, reliable and secure solution for medical applications.
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